f EDU-MADE-EASY BLOG

Education is an ornament in prosperity and a refuge in adversity.

It is as impossible to withhold education from the receptive mind as it is impossible to force it upon the unreasoning. - Agnes Repplierg

Education aims to give you a boost up the ladder of knowledge.

Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all. - Aristotle

He who opens a school door, closes a prison.

If a man empties his purse into his head, no man can take it away from him. An investment in knowledge always pays the best interest. - Ben Franklin

To the uneducated, an A is just three sticks.

To teach a man how he may learn to grow independently, and for himself, is perhaps the greatest service that one man can do another.

If you think education is expensive, try ignorance.

Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.

ECONS 101



BUSINESS ORGANISATION CONTD

Hey Guyz, Happy New Week hope the weekend was wonderful for you and your loved ones. I had a Blast myself. I Pray that this new week brings all kinds of happiness and joy your way in Jesus name- Amen. We are continuing from where we stopped last time, so let's get started.....
Differences Between Private and Public Enterprise:
Private Enterprises
Public Enterprises
6. Owners bear losses suffered by private enterprises.
Tax payers bear losses suffered by public enterprises.
7. They require small amount of capital to set up.
They require huge amount of capital to set up.
8. They are established by ordinary registration or by incorporation.
They are established by acts of parliament.

Reasons for the Establishment of Many Private Enterprises in West Africa:
1. Existence of Official Corruption in Public Enterprises- The existence of official corruption in public enterprises discourages government from further investment in public enterprises, thereby giving way for the proliferation of private enterprises in many west African countries.

FINANCIAL ACC 101



PETTY CASH BOOK

Hey Guys, It's a New Day again, hope your day yesterday was awesome cos mine was.  Well for today we are beginning this course afresh like the others we are revisiting what we have treated in order to better digest it.
Petty Cashbook is the book for recording small expenses. The rational behind the system is to reduce the numerous cash payments for small expenses. Example- Postage, Stationery, etc. The System for recording petty cash transactions is called Imprest System. In this system, a specific amount is given to cashier to start off accounting period. This specific amount is called Cash Float. The Source documents for petty cash book are involved receipts and vouchers. At frequent intervals he must be reimbursed for the cash disbursed for the period concerned thus bringing the cash balance to the formal amount.

COMMERCE 101



FOREIGN TRADE

Hey Guyz, Alot has happened let me gist you. Lolz. So it's been a while since I posted and thats because I was concluding plans to launch my second blog, this one would be a personally-run blog no other Authors and it's so exciting. I will release more info when its ready. That aside, well we know some of you would like to have other subjects/courses covered on this site so we have been searching for the right Candidates for these Positions and GOOD NEWS!!!, we found someone. She has been a friend for a while now and she would be taking ENGLISH LANGUAGE, CRK & GOVERNMENT watch out for her posts she would soon be posting on this blog. Just check out the tabs on the top of the page with the names of the subjects- plans are still on the way to get more Authors to take other Subjects especially for my Science Peepz. You are special and we are working hard at finding suitable Authors for your Courses, pls exercise a little more patience which we know you have already been doing but still a little more.  To crown our gist, we are now a .com site no longer a .blogspot.com- did you notice, even though you type the .blogspot.com address on your browser it redirects you to our new site name which is- edu-made-easy.com. Hurray!!!!. it has been a desire that we reduce the stress of typing in our long name -lolz so we made it shorter without losing the essence and

ECONS 101

BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

Hey Everyone, Happy New Week. Happy FRIDAY to you all. Hope this weekend brings you happiness and joy beyond your expectation. Let's get started!!!!
Business Organisation can be defined as an enterprise set up by an individual/group of individuals, government or its agencies for the main purpose of making profit and providing goods and services for the satisfaction of human wants. All firms irrespective of their size is there to provide goods & services to the customers.

TYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS:

1. PRIVATE ENTERPRISES are the enterprises owned and managed by private individuals. This type of business organisation is usually classified as a private sector enterprises and examples are- Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Private & Public Limited Liability Company and Co-operative Societies. Their Major Aim is to Maximise Profits.

CHARACTERISITICS OF PRIVATE ENTERPRISES:
# Private Individuals provide the capital- Private Individuals that owned the enterprises are the people

FINANCIAL ACC 101

ANSWERS TO PREVIOUSLY ASKED QUESTIONS ON PREVIOUSLY TREATED TOPICS


HAPPY NEW MONTH Everyone, Welcome to the month of May-a month of Success, Breakthrough, Answered Prayers, Fulfilled Wishes, Joy, Love, Peace and all other good things for you and everyone around you in the Mighty name of Jesus- Amen.
You are Blessed and highly Lifted, this month shall see signs and wonders being a reality in every facet of your life. God is right beside you and he is saying to you this morning that all will be well, all secret tears would be wiped away and turned into laughter for you in this blessed month. therefore CONGRATULATIONS!!!!!!
LOLZ, Now we had some questions last week and this is the last post on this questions series until later, after this we would explore more topics and open more branches and types of account to us. Well Today we are basically answering the questions asked last week, hope you tried them and excelled at them. well if you found some tricky, no need to worry cos the answers are here today. So pls Enjoy!!!!
ANSWERS:

1. D- Discount Allowed (WAEC 2009, NO 38).

2. D- Discount, Cash and Bank (WAEC 2009, NO 15).

COMMERCE 101

WAREHOUSING

Hey Everyone, Happy New Week. This week shall bring Good News for everyone of us in Jesus name- Amen. Today we are in a New Topic entirely, so let's get started.
Warehousing is the act of storing goods produced or bought in a place until they are needed. It ensures that there is a regular and steady supply of goods. In Other Words, It's just a place set aside for loading already produced goods to make room for more production and also where they can be stored until demand is made by customers.
TYPES OF WAREHOUSE:
a. BONDED WAREHOUSE- is a place, where goods whose custom duties have not been paid are stored until the duties are settled. It is usually located around the sea port. This is especially for goods that are being imported and exported.
b. STATE WAREHOUSE- is a place, where contraband and illegal goods seized by the Customs Authority are kept, until they are destroyed.
c. WHOLESALE WAREHOUSE- is a place, where a Wholesaler stores all the goods

ECONS 101

SMALL & LARGE FIRMS

Hey Everyone, Lovely New Week even though its ended but um its beautiful today isn't it. FRIDAY!!!. LOLZ- Its very self-explanatory.... Okay let's work a lil before we throw our books to the other side *winks*.
A Firm is defined as an independently administered businesses unit which is capable of carrying out production, construction or distribution activities. It forms an industry with other firms performing or producing complementary goods and services. Firms may be small or large depending on capital outlay and the level of production.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL & LARGE FIRMS:
Characteristics
Small Firms
Large Firms
1. Capital Requirement
Require Small Capital Outlay.
Require Large Capital Outlay.
2. Type of Industry
They are mainly involved in primary production, agriculture and some direct services.
They are mainly involved in secondary and tertiary production.
3.  Nature of Market
They require small market due to output of goods.
They require a large market because of their high output of goods.
4. Employment
They usually employ few workers.
They usually employ large number of workers.
5. Techniques of Production
They employ simple techniques as most of the operations are manual.
They employ heavy techniques, with machinery and equipment.
6. Economies of Scale
They cannot take advantage of economies of scale.
They can easily benefit from internal and external economies of scale.
7. Nature of Product
They have no special or standard design for their product.
Their product is subject to standardisation.
8. Research and Publicity
They may lack the resources to carry out research and publicity.
They usually embark on extensive research and publicity to enhance their efficiency.

ECONOMIES OF SCALE/ SCALE OF PRODUCTION
Economies of Scale can be defined as the growth of a firm as a result of the expansion of the volume of productive capacity resulting in the increase in output and a decrease in its caot of production per

FINANCIAL ACC 101

QUESTIONS ON PREVIOUSLY TREATED TOPICS

Hey Everyone, Happy New Week. Today is a beautiful day and God is indeed Good... How are you today, hope your week is going perfectly well. Am so glad to know that God's Faithfulness is evident in your life, to God alone be all the Glory. Amen.
So Let's get start to the Point...
QUESTIONS:

1. Which of the Following is Found in a Sales Ledger Account?
a- Credit Purchases
b- Bill Payable
c- Discount Received
d- Discount Allowed (WAEC 2009, NO 38).

2. A Three Column Cash Book contains columns for?
a- Cash, Assets and Liabilities
b- Bank, Cash and Assets
c- Cash, Bank and Returns

COMMERCE 101

TYPES OF WHOLESALERS

Hey Everyone, How is your week so far. The Month of April is beautiful isn't it? LOLZ, Yes it is. Well may you experience all the Goodness of God for this month in Jesus name- Amen.
Today we are continuing where we stopped last week with the above mentioned topic, so let's get started.
Wholesalers can be classified into two broad categories namely:
1. MERCHANT WHOLESALERS- They buy and resell goods on their own account, taking title of the products they handle and conveying the title directly to those they deal with.
FUNCTIONS OF MERCHANT WHOLESALERS:
a. They undertake the storage of Goods.
b. They provide Delivery Services.
c. They arrange credit loans.
d. They provide Promotional Services.
TYPES OF MERCHANT WHOLESALERS:
a. SPECIALIST WHOLESALERS- They are wholesalers who restrict their services to a particular trade and area of their specialization.
b. CASH AND CARRY WHOLESALERS- They are wholesalers that don't offer Credit Facilities nor Delivery Services to their Customers. They expect their Retailers to pick their Orders, Pay Cash and Carry their Purchases.

ECONS 101

RELATIONSHIP BTW PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY CURVE & OPPORTUNITY COST

Hi Everyone, Happy New Week to you all. It's another opportunity to learn and grow and generally become better at what we already know or what we have an idea of. So let's get started...
We are continuing from where we stopped last time.
Interpretation/ Points to Note from the Graph:
  Points A to F on the graph indicate efficient use of resources.
  At Points O  & P (Outside the curve), production is not feasible. Production at these points are not feasible due to the limited resources and technology.
  At points K & L (Inside the curve), production is feasible. It represents where resources are not efficiently utilised.
 The downward slope of the PPC indicates that there is an opportunity cost of producing more of one type of commodity and less of the other due to limited resources and technical know-how.

RELATIONSHIP BTW PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY CURVE & OPPORTUNITY COST

FINANCIAL ACC 101

QUESTIONS ON PREVIOUSLY TREATED TOPICS

Hey Everyone, Happy New Week. We are on a Series and our aim is to treat National Exam Questions on the Topics we have treated here, in other to further be perfect if possible in those topics. So Let's Go!!!
QUESTION:
Koffi is a dealer in general merchandise. The following are his transactions for the month of June 2002.
June 1: Sold goods to Mensah N20, 000 less 10% Trade Discount.
June 4: Purchased from Kwesi the following:
200 Iron rods at N20 each
100 Fillers at N30 each
Invoice subject to 10% Trade Discount.
June 6: Purchased from Asante Ltd, 10 bottles of gin at N30 each.
June 7: Returned 60 Iron rods purchased on 4th June, to Kwesi.
June 9: Sold the following to Kojo:
300 Bags of Cement at N15 each, less  15% Trade Discount
150 Tins of Target at N10 per tin.
June 18: Kojo returned 10bags of cement bought on the 9th of June.
June 20: Sold to Jones: 80 Iron rods at N50 each, 10Bags of Cement at N16 each, 250 Fillers at N35

COMMERCE 101

WHOLESALE TRADE

Hey Everyone, Hows this New Monday Morning to you, isn't is beautiful and full of promises and answered prayers. LOLZ, Yes it is. Well Let's get straight to out topic for today.
WHOLESALING is a business activity which involves buying of goods in bulk from the Producer and selling in small quantities to the Retailers as well as other merchants. Wholesaling is included in the Channel of Distribution.
FUNCTIONS OF THE WHOLESALER TO THE PRODUCER:
a. The Wholesaler purchases Goods in Large Quantity From the Producer.
b. He makes Space Available for further Production by Buying and Clearing the goods from the Producer's Warehouse.
c. In a Situation where the Producer doesn't have a Warehouse, He offers to have the Manufactured Goods moved to his own warehouse to enable more Production by the Manufacturer/Producer.
d. He keeps the Producer informed of the Market Situation from information he gathered from the Retailers, Consumers and Middlemen.
e. He pays the Producer promptly for his Goods in order not to slow down further Production.
FUNCTIONS OF THE WHOLESALER TO THE RETAILER:
a. He advises the Retailer on the Goods to buy and the ones not to buy.
b. He offers Credit facilities that is , allowing the Retailer take goods on Credit from him to pay later.

ECONS 101

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION CONTD

Hello Everyone, Happy Friday. Thank God It's FRIDAY!!!!!.... LOLZ, Yes the last working day of the week and then rest rest rest!!!... There's time for HARD WORK and also time for REST... Pls Make Sure you Balance the Two Very Essential. Straight to the Point of the Day
CAPITAL CONSUMPTION refers to the using up of existing capital stock and not replacing worn-out capital goods used in production. When fixed assets like Buildings, Machinery or Motor Vehicle are used continuously, they undergo wear and tear, hence such assets depreciate in value. It is this wear and tear of these capital goods which reduces their value which is referred to in Economics as CONSUMPTION or DEPRECIATION.
During the period of Capital Consumption, enough savings are not made to maintain and replace depreciating capital goods or assets. If a Country finds it difficult to maintain its stock of capital, either by making provision for depreciation or her inability to replace worn-out capital or asset, such a country is said to be living on capital or consuming capital and this affects the standard of living of the people negatively.
ENTREPRENEUR
An Entrepreneur can be defined as the factor of production that co-ordinates and organises other factors of production( Land, Labour and Capital) in order to produce goods and services. The

FINANCIAL ACC 101

QUESTIONS ON PREVIOUSLY TREATED TOPICS

Hey Everyone, How is this week so far. We are continuing this series we started last week, reviewing all the topics we have treated by answering questions linked to the Topics we have treated. This will help us further understand these topics and if possible be guru's at them. So Pls Enjoy...
QUESTION 2:                  
The following Transactions were extracted from the book of Mercy Land Trading Company as at 31st January 2005. All payments were made by cheque and all receipts were paid to the bank. The Company maintains a float of N 21, 000.
2nd Jan  Cash at Eagle Bank                         20, 000
2nd Jan  Petty Cash in Hand                          1, 400
3rd Jan  Drew Cheque for Petty Cash          19, 600
5th Jan  Received from Anthony, Cheque in Settlement of his debt N32, 600 less 1% discount
6th Jan  Settled Tunde's Account of N 25, 900 less 10% discount
7th Jan  Sold for cash 20MTN Cards at N750 per card
8th Jan  Transferred to current account from deposit account     70, 000
10th Jan  Paid Olu                                            4, 800
16th Jan   Paid Cheque for Motor repairs   8, 000
17th Jan   Paid Ade                                          3, 800

COMMERCE 101

MODERN TRENDS IN RETAILING

Hey Everyone, Hope the week is going well? It Is Well with You in Jesus Name- Amen. Today we are continuing from where we stopped last week. It's the First week of April by the way, how cool is that?
New Trends have been introduced in Retailing Business because of the dynamic nature of commercial activities. In order to enhance and facilitate Business Activities, New Ideas and Techniques have been introduced and they include:
a. Branding
b. Self Service
c. After Service
d. Vending Machine
e. Pre-Packaging
f. Personal Selling.
BRANDING
It is a Name, Design or Symbol and even sometimes a Colour Pattern that differentiates a particular product from the rest in the market. It is a Product's Unique Selling Point, that extra thing it has to

ECONS 101

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION CONTD

Hi Everyone, How Beautiful is today? Magnificent isn't it, well I think so too. Just being alive is such a pleasure and a privilege that sometimes, I think of some great people who have died and I am filled with awe that God picked me to live till today. God is Good.
Last time we started this series and today hopefully we will either finish or draw closer to the close of this particular topic so let's take this ride together.
CAPITAL
Capital may be defined as man-made assets used in production. In other words, It refers to Man-made wealth or goods used to produce other goods and services. It may also be defined as the stock of previous wealth invested in order to produce future wealth.
Capital when properly combined with other factors, produces goods and services. Examples of Capital include Physical Cash, Cutlass, Machines, Buildings, Motor Vehicles and other equipment used in the production of goods and services. The Reward for Capital is INTEREST.
Characteristics/Features of Capital:
* Capital is man-made before it can be used in further production of goods and services.
* Capital is durable assets that can be used for production.

FINANCIAL ACC 101

MORE QUESTIONS ON PREVIOUSLY TREATED TOPICS

Hey Everyone, Happy New Week even though the week has been far spent. Hope this week has and month has been beautiful for you. Remember you deserve the best of God and it is yours if only you believe and profess it. Well below is a Question. Enjoy!!!
QUESTION 1:
Dan Jumbo started business on 1/1/94 with the following:
Building                                                  100, 000
Stock of Goods                                       40, 000
Motor Van                                              50, 000
Cash                                                        10, 000
During the Month, he undertook the following transactions:
5th Jan     Sold goods for Cash                                                                                         5, 000
10th Jan   Sold goods on Credit                                                                                      20, 000
12th Jan  Bought goods on Credit                                                                                 10, 000
15th Jan   Cash Sales Banked                                                                                         15, 000
18th Jan    Paid cash for Office Stationery                                                                    2, 000
20th Jan    Received Cash from Debtors for goods                                                      5, 000
22nd Jan    Paid cash for Office Expenses                                                                      1, 000
23rd Jan    Paid Salaries by cheque                                                                                 4, 000
24th Jan    Sold goods for Cash                                                                                       7, 000
25th Jan    Sold goods on Credit                                                                                      5, 000
26th Jan     Bought goods on Credit                                                                                3, 000
27th Jan     Bought goods for Cash                                                                                  2, 500
28th Jan     Withdrew Money from Bank for Owner's Use                                         1, 500
29th Jan    Office Cash Banked                                                                                      5, 000
31st Jan    Paid Electricity by Cheque                                                                           1, 500
You are required to Record the above transactions in the appropriate books of original entry.
ANSWER:

DR
DATE PARTICULARS F CASH BANK
1ST JAN Capital   10, 000  
5TH JAN Sales   5, 000  
15TH JAN Sales     15, 000
20TH JAN Sales   5, 000  
24TH JAN  Sales   7, 000  
29TH JAN Cash C   5, 000
         
         
      27, 000 20, 000
  Balance b/d   16, 500 13, 000




CR

DATE PARTICULARS F CASH BANK
18TH JAN Office Stationery   2, 000  
22ND JAN Office Expenses   1, 000  
23RD JAN Salaries     4, 000
27TH JAN Purchases   2, 500  
28TH JAN Drawings     1, 500
29TH JAN Bank C 5, 000  
31ST JAN Electricity     1, 500
  Balance c/d   16, 500 13, 000
      27, 000 20, 000
         

JOURNAL PROPER

                       JOURNAL PROPER
DATE PARTICULARS DR CR
1ST JAN Building 100, 000  
  Stock 40, 000  
  Motor Van 50, 000  
  Cash 10, 000  
  To Capital A/C   200, 000
     


                          SALES DAY BOOK
DATE PARTICULARS F AMOUNT
10TH JAN Debtors   20, 000
26TH JAN Debtors   5, 000
31ST JAN Sales A/C Cr 25, 000



                PURCHASES DAY BOOK
DATE PARTICULARS F AMOUNT
12TH JAN Creditors   10, 000
26TH JAN Creditors   3, 000
31ST JAN Purchases A/C Dr 13, 000


NOTE: THE QUESTION IN THIS POST IS CREDITED TO WEST AFRICA EXAM COUNCIL 1996 PAPER. THE ANSWER IS ALSO CREDITED TO WAEC. THANKS
This brings us to the end of today's session. Hope this was very helpful to you, leave a comment of what you think of this tutorial and of your questions below. Have a Blessed Day and Remember You are Amazing. God Bless.


COMMERCE 101

LARGE SCALE RETAILING

Hey Guys, Happy New Week. The Last in the month of March. This month is soon over, well 2015 has been a FAST year wouldn't you say? Well All to the Glory of God. How was your weekend, mine was splendid. Alright, straight to Business...
Large Scale Retailing is a trading with a large scope of operation. Everything is on a bigger scale unlike Small Scale Retailing. Buying is on a Large Scale, Selling is also on a Large Scale. They include:
1. CHAIN/MULTIPLE STORES
It is a form of Large Scale Retail Trading whereby the Store has similar and identical designs, layout and product display in all its outlets/branches. For example in Nigeria, we have UTC Store, Leventis store etc.
FEATURES OF CHAIN STORE:
a. They Sell Similar Range of Products.
b. They are found in Towns and Urban Areas.
c. They have Identical Store Designs.
d. They have similar stock display.
ADVANTAGES OF CHAIN STORE:
a. They ensure Consistence of their Product.
b. They buy in bulk, which ensures Lower Price.
c. Their Customers can easily locate their store anywhere.
DISADVANTAGES OF CHAIN STORE:
a. They don't facilitate Credit Transaction.
b. Decision-Making are always delayed.
c. No Personal Relationship between the shop attendant and customer.
2. DEPARTMENTAL STORES
It is a Large Retailing Store that operates under one roof which deal with a wide variety of goods but organised in different sections (departments) for the purpose of service, promotion and control.
Each Department Specialise in one line of product. For example- Kingsway Stores etc.
FEATURES OF DEPARTMENTAL STORES:
a. Each Department has its own Manager.
b. Each Department deals in one line of Product.
ADVANTAGES OF DEPARTMENTAL STORES:
a. It allows freedom of Movement around the Store.
b. It ensures bulky purchases of Goods which helps in Price Reduction.
DISADVANTAGES OF DEPARTMENTAL STORES:
a. It requires Large Capital to set up.
3. SUPERMARKET
It is a Large Retailing Business Unit that deals mostly on Food, Household Items and other wide variety of goods. It operates a Self-Service System with Basket and Trolleys left for Customers to help themselves to their needs.
ADVANTAGES OF SUPERMARKET:
a. It Provides Wide Variety of Goods.
b. Customers have the right to make choices without being influenced by shop attendants.
c. It ensures Self-Services.
DISADVANTAGES OF SUPERMARKET:
a. No Personal Attention is given to Customers.
4. MAIL ORDER
It is a large Retailing Business in which buying and selling is carried out by post. The customers are contacted by mail, their orders are received by mail, and the delivery is by mail. It involves the use of catalogue that presents the goods and price. Payment is through Cash Delivering Basis.
New Trends have been introduced in retailing business because of the dynamic nature of commercial activities. In order to enhance and facilitate business activities;  New ideas and Techniques have been introduced.
This brings us to the end of Today's Session. Hope this was very helpful to you, leave a comment of what you think of this Tutorial and of your Questions below. Have a Blessed Day and Remember You are Amazing. God Bless You.